References

Abbreviations

g = gram
T = tablespoon
t = teaspoon
C = cup
lb = pound
oz = ounce

Conversions

1 C flour = 125 g
1 C whole wheat flour = 120 g
1 C bread flour = 127 g
1 C cake flour = 110 g

1 C sugar = 200 g
1 C brown sugar = 220 g
1 C powdered sugar = 120 g

1 T cornstarch = 8 g
1 T cocoa powder = 7 g

1 C cocoa powder = 80 g

1 t = 5 g or 5 ml
1 T = 15 g or 15 ml

My Kitchen Aid stand mixer bowl = 758 g

My Jenaluca dosers = 2 t, 1 1/2 T, 3 T

Protein in Flour

Semolina Flour: 13% or more 
Bread Flour : 12-15%

All-Purpose Flour: 10-12%

Pastry Flour: 8-10%

Italian '00' Flour: 7-9%, finely ground

Cake Flour: 6-8%

Substitutions

1 C self rising flour =
116 g AP or cake flour + 1 1/2 t baking powder + 1/4 t salt

1 C powdered sugar =
194 g sugar + 6 g cornstarch, blended

1 t baking powder =
1/2 t cream of tartar + 1/4 t baking soda + (optional) 1/4 t cornstarch

For each C of buttermilk used in place of milk,
reduce baking powder by 2 t and add 1/2 t of baking soda.

1 C buttermilk =
4T Saco + 1 C water